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照明將不再只是照明——未來室內光環境暢想第1張圖片
Image © Jonathan Andrew

未來我們將如何照亮室內環境?
How Will We Illuminate Our Interiors in the Future?

由專筑網Zia,小R編譯

在今天來說,按下開關照亮房間非常簡單,但實現這樣輕松使用安全可靠光源的道路卻十分漫長。據估計,最早的燈出現在7萬年前,由挖空的石頭或貝殼構成,里面裝滿了可以點燃的浸有動物脂肪的材料。另一方面,埃及人使用裝飾過的裝滿油的陶瓷器皿提供穩定的火源。蠟燭在中世紀得到普及,用牛油(動物脂肪)或蜂蠟制成,可以在簡單的燭臺和吊燈中燃燒。19世紀末,托馬斯愛迪生和他的團隊發明了白熾燈泡,可以大規模生產,由于在經濟上非?尚,很快成為20世紀的主導照明形式。雖然這在當時是一項革命性的發明,但我們現在知道,這些燈泡的效率并不高,它們最終被熒光燈和現在的LED燈泡所取代。但是,如果我們已經在如此短的時間內取得了如此大的進步,那么我們對照明的未來能有什么期待,更具體地說,幾年或幾十年后的室內將如何照明?

As trivial as the act of flipping a switch and lighting up a room may seem, we've had to come a long way to have safe and reliable light sources. It is estimated that the first lamps were invented 70,000 years ago, consisting of hollowed out stones or shells filled with an absorbent material soaked with animal fat that could be ignited. The Egyptians, on the other hand, used decorated ceramic vessels filled with oil, which provided a constant flame. Candles were popularized during the Middle Ages, made of tallow (animal fat) or beeswax, and could be burned in simple candlesticks and chandeliers. It was in the late 19th century that Thomas Edison and his team invented an incandescent light bulb that could be mass manufactured and was economically viable, soon becoming the dominant form of lighting for much of the 20th century. Although it was a revolutionary invention at the time, we are now aware that these lightbulbs are not very efficient, and they were eventually replaced by fluorescent and, more recently, LED bulbs. But if we have already advanced so much in such a short time, what can we expect for the future of lighting, and more specifically, how will our interiors be lit in a few years or decades?

照明將不再只是照明——未來室內光環境暢想第2張圖片
Image © Hernan Taboada

盡管照明技術已經有了很大的發展,但未來仍有進步的空間。例如,某種已經被廣泛使用的技術可以被更加高效地使用:發光二極管(LED),一種當電流流經它時就會發光的半導體裝置。發光二極管如此高效的主要原因之一是,它們的大部分能量只用于創造光,而不是像白熾燈那樣創造光和熱。在未來,該行業有望開發出更高效、更持久、更多功能的LED,可以定制以滿足特定的設計和功能要求。

Although lighting technology has already evolved significantly, there is still room for future advances. For example, perhaps a technology that is already in widespread use could be modernized to become even more efficient: the light-emitting diode (LED), a semiconductor device that emits light when an electric current flows through it. One of the main reasons why LEDs are so efficient is that most of their energy is used to create only light, rather than creating light and heat, as with incandescent bulbs. In the future, the industry is expected to develop even more efficient, long-lasting, and versatile LEDs that can be customized to meet specific design and functional requirements.

照明將不再只是照明——未來室內光環境暢想第3張圖片
Image © Hiroyuki Oki

而且已經有其他技術可能在未來幾十年變得可行。OLED(有機發光二極管)技術,在一些電視型號中使用,使用有機材料來創造光,從一個薄的、靈活的薄膜而不是燈泡或管子中發射光,可以創造更大的設計靈活性和能源效率。另一個有前途的發展是量子點(QDs),它使用納米晶體產生特定顏色的光,可以對照明設備的顏色輸出進行更精確地控制。研究人員甚至一直著手于這項技術在醫療方面的應用,如識別癌細胞造影劑和改善靶向藥物輸送。

也有研究在探索如何利用某些生物體,如螢火蟲、細菌、真菌和海洋生物自然產生的光,這些光是其新陳代謝過程的一部分。雖然這項技術仍處于實驗階段,但它有可能在未來徹底改變我們的家庭照明方式,因為它不釋放碳或熱量,十分安全和節能。

But there are already other technologies that may become viable in the coming decades. OLED (organic light-emitting diode) technology, used in some TV models, uses organic materials to create light, emitting light from a thin, flexible film rather than a bulb or tube, allowing for greater design flexibility and energy efficiency. Another promising development are quantum dots (QDs), which use nanocrystals to produce light in a specific color, allowing greater control over the color output of lighting fixtures. Researchers have been betting on this technology even for use in medical applications, such as contrast agents to identify cancer cells and improve targeted drug delivery.
There is also research exploring ways to harness the light that is naturally produced by certain organisms, such as fireflies, bacteria, fungi, and sea creatures, as part of their metabolic processes. Although this technology is still in experimental stages, it has the potential to revolutionize the way we light our homes in the future, as it releases no carbon or heat, making it safe and energy-efficient.

照明將不再只是照明——未來室內光環境暢想第4張圖片
via Wikimedia Commons

照明將不再只是照明——未來室內光環境暢想第5張圖片
via Wikimedia Commons


例如,在法國沿海城市Rambouillet,安裝了可以產生碧藍色光芒的圓柱形管道,照亮Covid-19疫苗接種中心的等候室;旧,這些大型水族箱里面裝滿了含有營養物質的鹽水和當地收集的海洋細菌 Aliivibrio Fischeri。光線通過內部生化過程產生,是生物體正常新陳代謝的一部分,幾乎不需要能量來運行。而"關燈"只需切斷空氣,在細菌切換到厭氧狀態時中斷這一過程,在這種狀態下它們則不會產生生物發光。這種混合物是由法國公司Glowee開發的,該公司專注于生物照明,作為人工照明的真正替代品。

但是,當涉及到不同的空間照明方式時,有一些趨勢可能會在未來幾年占據主導地位,主要集中在實用性和促進空間使用者的健康方面。

In the French coastal town of Rambouillet, for example, cylindrical tubes emitting a turquoise blue glow have been installed to illuminate the waiting room of the Covid-19 Vaccination Center. Basically, these are large aquariums filled with salt water with nutrients and the locally collected marine bacterium Aliivibrio Fischeri. The light is generated through internal biochemical processes that are part of the body's normal metabolism, and require almost no energy to run. To "turn off the lights," the air is simply cut off, interrupting the process as the bacteria switch to an anaerobic state, where they do not produce bioluminescence. The mixture is developed by the French company Glowee, which focuses on biological lighting as a real alternative to artificial lights.
But when it comes to the different ways of lighting spaces, there are some trends that are likely to take hold in the next few years, focused mainly on practicality and promoting health for the occupants of the spaces:

照明將不再只是照明——未來室內光環境暢想第6張圖片
Image © Jonathan Andrew

連接其他設備以增加便利性和節能性

一個新興的趨勢是智能照明,能夠適應用戶和環境的需求。它指的是一種比傳統照明系統更方便和可定制的照明系統,通過連接智能燈泡和開關等設備與傳感器,通過智能手機或語音命令進行遠程控制。好處包括節能、便利性和加強家庭安全。這些系統已經在家庭和商業建筑中變得越來越普遍,在未來,可以期待看到更先進的智能照明系統,這些系統可以對環境、用戶偏好和數據輸入做出反應,提供最佳的照明條件。

Connecting devices to increase convenience and save energy
An emerging trend is that of smart lighting, capable of adapting to the needs of users and the environment. It refers to a lighting system designed to be more convenient and customizable than traditional lighting systems, working by connecting devices such as smart bulbs and switches with sensors, which can be controlled remotely via a smartphone or voice commands. Its benefits encompass energy savings, but also convenience and enhanced home security. These systems are already becoming more common in homes and commercial buildings, and in the future we can expect to see even more advanced smart lighting systems that can respond to environmental factors, user preferences, and data inputs to provide optimal lighting conditions.

照明將不再只是照明——未來室內光環境暢想第7張圖片
Image © Qingyan Zhu

減少光線不足產生的危害

另一方面,以人為本的照明(HCL)是一種考慮到光對人類生物和行為影響的照明設計方法。這些系統試圖模仿日光的自然周期,通過一天中色溫和強度的變化支持人體的晝夜節律。例如,可以對照明進行編程,從早晨的冷白光,使我們保持清醒,到晚上的暖光,使身體放松,以輔助夜間的睡眠。根據該領域的研究者Stan Walerczyk的文章,適當的照明對改善睡眠質量、提高意識清醒和生產力、減少情緒障礙等有影響,甚至可以減少公共衛生成本。

Mitigating the harms of inadequate lighting
Human-centric lighting (HCL), on the other hand, is an approach to lighting design that takes into consideration the impact of light on human biology and behavior. These systems seek to mimic the natural cycles of daylight and support the body's circadian rhythm through changes in color temperature and intensity throughout the day. For example, lighting can be programmed to gradually change from cool white light in the morning –which keeps us alert–, to warmer light in the evening –which relaxes the body for a restorative night's sleep. According to this article by Stan Walerczyk, a researcher on the topic, proper lighting has impacts on improved sleep quality, increased alertness and productivity, and decreased symptoms of mood disorders, and can even reduce public health costs.

照明將不再只是照明——未來室內光環境暢想第8張圖片
Image © Simon Devitt

HCL系統通常使用LED燈,可以在一天中改變色溫和強度,以模仿太陽的光線。這些系統在一些醫院和療養院中被應用,也被使用在辦公大樓甚至學校。它們在智能家居中也變得越來越流行,可以通過智能手機應用程序或語音助手進行控制。

HCL systems typically use LED lights that can change color temperature and intensity throughout the day to mimic that of the sun. Found in some hospital settings and nursing homes, these systems have now also been deployed in office buildings and even schools. They are also becoming increasingly popular in smart homes, where they can be controlled via a smartphone app or voice assistant.

照明將不再只是照明——未來室內光環境暢想第9張圖片
Image © Christine Francis

LAVA在荷蘭埃因霍溫的一個辦公室項目中,設計師的想法是開發一個裝置,對人們在空間中的運動和活動做出反應。利用傳感器網絡和先進的算法來檢測人類的存在并相應地調整照明。該系統被劃分為多個區域,每個區域都包含幾個燈具,利用這些信息,根據一天中的時間、天氣和其他環境因素來確定每個區域最合適的照明水平和顏色。該系統使用節能的LED燈,可以通過智能手機應用程序或中央控制系統進行控制,除了提供充足的照明外,還為環境塑造了美學吸引力。


回歸自然

另一個正在興起的趨勢是生態照明,通過將陽光、植被和水等自然元素納入室內照明設計來尋求與大自然的聯系。在這種情況下,燈光穿過植物或水景,或被植物水景反射,形成一個更加有機和自然的模式。生態照明的一些具體例子包括在辦公室、酒店和醫院安裝帶有集成燈的垂直花園,或者使用模仿自然光的燈具,在一天中使用不同的顏色和強度來模擬自然光。這些生態照明手段為人們的健康和情緒感受提供了好處,并改善了室內空間的設計和美學,即使在密集和混亂的城市中也能讓人們與自然多一點接觸。

This is the case of LAVA's project for an office in Eindhoven, the Netherlands. The idea was to develop an installation to respond to the movements and activities people perform in the space. Using a network of sensors and advanced algorithms to detect human presence and adjust the lighting accordingly, the system was divided into zones, each of which contains several fixtures, using this information to determine the most appropriate lighting level and color for each zone based on the time of day, weather, and other environmental factors. The system uses energy-efficient LED lights, which can be controlled via a smartphone app or a central control system, and as well as providing adequate lighting, creates an aesthetic appeal to the environment.

Returning to nature
Another up and coming trend is biophilic lighting, which seeks a connection with nature by incorporating natural elements such as sunlight, vegetation and water into indoor lighting design. In this case, the lights pass through or are reflected by a plant or water feature, forming a more organic and natural pattern. Some concrete examples of biophilic lighting include the installation of vertical gardens with integrated lights in offices, hotels, and hospitals, or the use of fixtures that mimic natural sunlight, with varying colors and intensity throughout the day to simulate the natural cycle of light. These biophilic lighting practices offer benefits for people's health and well-being, and improve the design and aesthetics of interior spaces, bringing a little more contact with nature even in dense and chaotic cities.

照明將不再只是照明——未來室內光環境暢想第10張圖片
Image © Iwan Baan

因此,在未來,預計照明將越來越多地用于促進空間居住者的健康和福祉,技術將變得更加個性化和適應個人需求,特別是考慮到人類已經在人工照明的室內度過了漫長的歲月。從原始的動物脂肪燈,到今天的LED,再到明天的生物熒光燈,室內照明正隨著越來越快的技術成就而不斷發展。

In the future, therefore, lighting is expected to be increasingly used to promote the health and well-being of the occupants of spaces, with technology becoming more personalized and adaptable to individual needs, especially considering that humanity has spent extended periods in artificially-lit interiors. From primitive animal fat lamps, to today's LEDs, to tomorrow's living lamps, lighting is constantly evolving along with ever-faster technological achievements.


作者:Eduardo Souza
Written by Eduardo Souza


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